'Icaha kibi kurusha ibindi vyose kuri zina muntu': Ingingo ya ONU ku bucakara isiguye iki?

ONU mu ndwi iheze yashigikiye ku bwinshi ingingo itangaza ko icuruzwa ry'Abanyafrika bajanwa mu buja/bucakara hakurya ya Atlantique ari co ''caha ca mbere gikomeye kuri zina muntu''.

Ashimagiza itorwa ry'iyo ngingo, umunyamabanga mukuru wa ONU Antonio Guterres yavuze ko itunga ry'ibihugu vyinshi vya Buraya na Amerika ''ryubatswe ku busuma bw'ubuzima n'ibikorwa vy'abantu''.

Afatiye ku '' bihano bunyamaswa vyahabwa abo bantu kugira babagenzure – kuva ku mapingu n'imishumi y'ivyuma kw'izosi gushika ku bimoko n'amabi ashingiye ku gitsina,'' yavuze ko ''bitari ibikorwa vy'agahato gusa''.

''Rwari nk'uruganda rwo gukoresha abantu ikivunga mu kabonero no gukura n'ibigirankana ubuntu ku bagabo, abagore n'abana. Ibikomere bishika kure kandi akenshi bigaherera aho.''

Iyo ngingo, yashigikiwe n'ibihugu vya Afrika n'amazinga ya Karayibe (Caraïbes/Caribbean), nta nguvu z'itegeko ifise (nta gihugu gitegekwa kuyishira mu ngiro), ariko abihweza ibintu n'ibindi bavuga ko itanga ubutumwa bukomeye cane.

''Kuba ico kibazo carizwe muri ONU, iyo yonyene ni intambwe ikomeye cane, n'aho yoba ahanini ifise agaciro k'ikimenyetso'', niko Almaz Teffera, umushakashatsi mukuru kw'ivangura ry'amoko muri Human Rights Watch, yabwiye BBC.

Uwo mugore avuga ko iyo ngingo ishobora kwongereza amahirwe y'uko haterwa intambwe mu kwiga ikibazo c'indishi canke inshumbusho.

Iyo ngingo yatowe ku majwi 123 y'abayemeje, mu gihe ibihugu 52 vyifashe, birimwo Ubwongereza n'ibihugu vy'ishirahamwe rya Buraya.

Amerika, Argentine na Israel vyatoye kuyanka.

Dr Erieka Bennet, arongoye ihwaniro ry'Abanyafrika baba mu mahanga rikorera muri Ghana, yabwiye BBC ko iyo ngingo ifise insiguro ku muntu bwite yamuka ku bantu batwawe mu buja, nka we.

''Isigura ko nemewe, isigura ko abasokuruza banje noneho baruhutse. Ku bwanje ku giti canje nk'Umunyamerika yamuka muri Afrika (African American) ndarengewe - utabaye umwe mu bo vyashikiye, biragoye cane kwumva ico ibi bisigura vy'ukuri.''

Haraheze igihe kirenga ikinjana Ibihugu vyakozweko n'icuruzwa ry'abantu bajanwa mu buja bisaba indishi. Ariko ikibazo cararushirijeho kuvugwa muri iyi myaka ya vuba, na cane cane inyuma y'aho ibihugu n'ibigo vy'ubucuruzi vyatungiye mu bikorwa vy'ubuja bw'Abanyafrika bisabiye ikigongwe icese hanyuma bigafata ingingo zo kwicuza no gusubiza hamwe.

Ivyo gutanga indishi bimeze gute?

Kuva mu kinjana ca 15 gushika mu ca 19, abagabo, abagore n'abana b'Abanyafrika bari hagati ya miriyoni 12 na 15, barafashwe bajanwa mu bihugu vya Amerika kugirwa abaja (abacakara).

Barungitswe mu bihugu vyari bikoronijwe n'ibihugu vya Buraya, nka Espagne, Portugal, Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza. Abantu miriyoni 2 vyibazwa ko bapfiriye mu bwato bwabajana.

Ingaruka z'ibinjana z'ivyo bakorewe n'ivyo bakoreshejwe gushika n'uyu munsi ziracibonekeza.

Muri Brezili, igihugu cagiyemwo abatwawe mu buja benshi kurusha ibindi -hagati y'imiriyoni 4 na 9, cane cane igihe cari mu bukoroni bwa Portugal- abirabure bafise ivyago bingana incuro zibiri vyo kuba mu bukene kurusha Abazungu, nk'uko vyerekanwa n'ibiharuro ngereranyo vy'ikigo c'igihugu kibijejwe (IBGE).

Indishi igamije kuba impozamarira – ugusaba imbabazi n'ukuriha abirabure ba sekuruza babo bahatiwe mu buja. Iyo nteguro y'ingingo, yazanywe na Ghana, isaba ibihugu bigize ONU kwiyumvira gusaba imbambazi icese ku rudandazwa rw'abajanwa mu buja no gutanga intererano mu kigega co gutanga indishi.

Dr Esther Xosei, Umwongereza yanonosoye ivyigwa, aharanira kandi ari mu barongoye umuhari wo gusaba indishi, yakiriye neza itorwa ry'iyo ngingo ariko yibaza niba ubwayo yonyene hari ico izohindura.

''Ni intsinzi nziza [ku muhari uharanira indishi], ariko reka twibukanye ko iyo ari ingingo y'icifuzo gusa,'' niko yabwiye BBC.

Xosei yongeyeko ati n'aho ''bitanga inguvu kubona ibihugu vya Afrika ari ivyo biri imbere muri ivyo biganiro,'' ashimangira ko hakenewe igikorwa kuva hasi.

''Muri ONU si ho hazoshikira imitima n'ugutahura'.

''Urugamba rw'ukuri ruzorwanirwa mu mabarabara, aho abantu bagifise amakuru atari yo kuri kahise k'ubuja n'ingaruka zabwo zibandanya ku buzima bw'Abanyafrika n'abakomoka kuri bo.''

Hari aho vyashitse muri kahise hagatangwa indishi?

Ego – akarorero kazwi cane k'indishi ni akarimwo Ubudagi. Kuva mu 1952, ico gihugu c'i Buraya kimaze gutanga amafaranga angana na miriyaridi 80 z'amadorari ($) ku Bayahudi bahuye n'amahano y'aba Nazi, harimwo no kuriha Israel.

Ariko gushika ubu nta gihugu kirigera kiriha indishi abakomoka ku Banyafrika batwawe mu buja canke ibihugu vya Afrika, Karayibe na Amerika y'Epfo vyagizweko ingaruka.

Nyinshi mu ndishi zatanzwe n'ibihugu zatanzwe ku bari bafise abaja mu kinjana ca 19, aho guhabwa abagizwe abaja.

Aho harimwo Ubwongereza – mu myaka ya 1830, inyuma y'aho ubuja buciriwe, ico gihugu carishe abari bafise abaja ayangana na miriyaridi 21 z'amadorari mu mafaranga y'ubu.

N'ibihugu vyasavye imbazi icese ku kugira abantu abaja, nk'Ubuhorandi mu 2022, vyaranse ivyo guha indishi abakomoka ku bantu bagizwe abaja. Ahubwo reta y'Ubuhorandi yashizeho ikigega ca miriyoni 230 z'amadorari c''ibikorwa n'imigambi y'imibano kugira hakosorwe iragi ry'ubuja''.

''Ikintu gihambaye kuruta ibindi ni ugutahura ko ata n'umwe ariko aragerageza guhindura kahise, ahubwo ari uguhangana n'ingaruka zako muri kubu,'' ni ko bisigurwa na Dr Celeste Martinez, umushakashatsi ashimikira ku bukoroni bwa Espagne muri Afrika.

''Iragi riva ku buja n'ubu riracariho uyu munsi aho ryiyerekana mw'ivangura ry'amoko n'ubusumbasumbane. Kwemera kahise ni nkenerwa cane niba dushaka ikibano atawe kirenganya kandi kirangwa na demokarasi kurusha uko biri gushika ubu.''

Abagwanya indishi batanga izihe mvo?

Ukugwanya gutanga indishi kuri ku ngero zitandukanye.

Imwe mu mvo nyamukuru ni uko abakiriho uyu munsi badakwiye kubazwa ivyaha vyakozwe na basekuruza babo.

Bamwe bavuga kandi ko kuba haciye igihe kirekire bituma ibintu bigorana mu bijanye no kumenya abamuka ku bahuye n'amahano. Ibimaze kuba – nko kuriha abahuye n'amahano ya Holocaust – vyakozwe benshi mu bacitse kw'icumu, canke abo bafitaniye isano rya hafi, bakiriho.

Hari n'ikibazo c'amategeko. Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kuva kera zamye zanka uburenganzira bwo guhabwa indishi kuko ubuja bwari bwemewe n'amategeko, mbere bwatunganywa n'ibihugu vyinshi, hagati y'ikinjana ca 15 n'ica 19.

Ubwongereza, kimwe mu bihugu vyatwaye abantu benshi mu buja imbere y'uko butanguza urugamba rwo guca urwo rudandazwa, nabwo bwaranse kenshi ivyo gutanga indishi. Muri Munyonyo (11), umushikiranganji w'Ubwongereza ajejwe imigenderanire, David Lammy yavuze ari mu rugendo muri Nigeria ko iciyumviro c'indishi ku bihugu vyahoze bikoronijwe vyakozweko n'ubuja ''atari ukubirungikira amafaranga abona [cash]''.

Ariko biri n'ico bivuze kubona na Barack Obama, umukuru wa Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika wa mbere w'umwirabure, atigeze arondera ku mugaragaro, canke ashigikira poritike n'imwe y'indishi mu biringo vyiwe bibiri.

Mu kiganiro co mu 2016 n'umwanditsi akaba n'uwuharanira uburenganzira Ta-Nehisi Coates imbere y'uko arangiza amabanga, Obama yahishuye uko yibaza ko uko igihugu ciwe cubatse muri poritike bituma indishi zidashobora gushirwa mu ngiro.

Abanegura ibintu banerekanye kandi impungenge z'urutonde rushira ishirwa mu buja ry'Abanyafrika ''nk'icaha ca mbere gikomeye kuri zina muntu''. Icegera c'uwuhagarariye Amerika muri ONU Dan Negrea yavugiye mu nama ya bose ya ONU ko Amerika iteye kubiri cane n'ico yise kugerageza gutondeka uko ihonyangwa [ry'uburenganzira] rigenda rirarutana.

''Kwemeza ko ivyaha bimwe bimwe bikorewe zina muntu biremereye buke buke kurusha ibindi bigabanura uburemere bw'ububabare kw'ababikorewe n'abacitse kw'icumu ry'ayandi mahano muri kahise ata uwuzi igitigiri'', ni ko yasiguye.

Ingingo ya ONU ishobora guhindura iki?

ONU ubwayo yari iza yarashigikiye ku mugaragaro ubutungane (ubutabera mu Kinyarwanda) bw'indishi. Mw'itangazo ryo muri Nyakanga (9) umwaka uheze, umukuru w'urwego rwayo rujejwe uburenganzira bwa zina muntu, Volker Türk, yashitse kure, avuga ko bene ubwo butungane butegerezwa kubamwo ''indishi mu buryo butandukanye''.

Ariko, inama ya bose ya ONU, aho ibihugu vyose uko ari 193 kimwe kimwe kiba gifise ijwi rimwe, ntiyari bwigere itora canke yemeza ingingo muri iyo nzira.

Inama ya bose ya ONU ntiyoshobora gutegeka ibihugu gutanga indishi, ariko ishobora guha ico kibazo inkingi za politike igasunika urubanza rw'abarondera indishi.

''Imihari yo kurwana urwo rugamba ku ngero zo hasi no kuremera inzego mpuzamakungu nka ONU ni zo mpamvu ibihugu vyinshi, bimwe biciye bugufi ibindi vyeruye gusumba, vyatanguye kuvuga ibijanye n'indishi,'' bivugwa na Martinez, wa mushakashatsi mu burokoni bwa Espagne.

Aha ni ukuvuga amafaranga angana gute?

Rumwe mu mpande zivugwa cane kuri ico kibazo c'indishi ni uworiha ayo mafaranga – n'ayorihwa uko angana. Iyo ngingo ya ONU nta gitigiri c'amafaranga ivuga.

Ariko mu bimaze gushikirizwa vyinshi k'uwobibazwa, bigarukira kuri reta. Mu 2013, Caricom – ishirahamwe ry'ibihugu 15 vya Caraïbes – ryasohoye integuro yaryo y'ingingo 10 y'ubutungane bw'indishi .

Ibirimwo biva ku gufuta amadeni yo hanze no gushira imitahe mu bikorwa vyo kwigisha gusoma no kwandika no mu magara y'abantu. Mu 2023, iryo shirahamwe ryashikirije icigwa kivuga ko ivyo bihugu 15 vyo mu mazinga ya Caraïbes vyari bifitiwe miriyardi ibihumbi 33 z'amadorari ($33 trillion) n'ibihugu vyahoze bibatwara gikoroni.

''Reta yama iri mu caha, kuko ni yo yashizeho ivyatumye abantu, inzego canke ibigo vy'ubucuruzi bigira uruhara mu gushira abantu mu buja canke gukoroniza,'' vyavuzwe na Verene Shepherd, umwigisha wa kaminuza ya West Indies akaba n'icegera c'uwutwara umugwi wa Caricom ushinzwe ivy'indishi.

Muri uwo mwaka nyene, Patrick Robinson, umucamanza yari arongoye abandi kuri sentare mpuzamakungu y'ubutungane (Court Internationale de Justice) yazanye ikindi giharuro na kinini kurusha ngaho - miriyaridi ibihumbi 107 z'amadorari ($107tr) yotangwa n'ibihugu vyose hamwe 31, birimwo ibihugu nka Brezil na Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, vyungukiye mu bikorwa vy'abagizwe abaja inyuma yo kwikukira kuri Portugal n'Ubwongereza.

Aya ni amafaranga arenze ubwinshi igihugu ico ari cose vyogora kuriha - amafaranga yose Reta Zunze Ubunwe za Amerika zakoresheje mu 2025 yari $7,1tr.

Umuhinga mu bibazo vy'amategeko Luke Moffet, umwigisha kuri Kaminuza ya Queen's University Belfast, abona ko kuriha amafaranga nk'ayo y'ikirenga mu bwinshi bidashobora gushirwa mu ngiro.

''Ufatiye ku mategeko, ni umusozi munini cane udashobora kwurirwa, ariko ivyo ntibisigura ko abo biraba batokwicara hamwe ngo baganire [aho bohuriza],'' ni ko yavuze.

''Ariko abantu ntibakwiye kwitega ibihumbi vy'ama miriyaridi y'amadorari. Kandi birashoboka ko ivyo biganiro bizofata imyaka n'iyindi imbere y'uko hashikwa ku mwumvikano uwo ari wo wose.

Kandi hamwe hogira amafaranga atangwa, ntibitomoye na gato uwoyahabwa uwo ari we.

Ivyo gusaba imbabazi vyo?

Isekeza ry'ibihugu vya Caricom ntirishimikira ku mafaranga gusa. Imwe mu myidogo ikomeye cane y'ivyo bihugu ni uko vyinshi mu bihugu vyungukiye mu buryo bw'amafaranga mu buja bitarasaba imbabazi.

''Ugukira kw'abahuye n'amahano y'ukugirwa abaja n'ababakomokako gusaba ko ibihugu vya Buraya bisaba imbabazi ku mugaragaro,'' bivugwa na Shepherd wo kuri kaminuza ya West Indies.

''Bimwe [muri ivyo bihugu] ahubwo vyasohoye amatangazo yo kwicuza. Ayo matangazo [ ni nko gushaka kuvuga] ko abahuye n'amahano n'ababakomokako badakwiye gusabwa imbabazi.''

Sara Hamood, wo mu biro vy'urwego rwa ONU rujejwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (OHCHR), yavuze ko kwemera ivyabaye ari igice gikomeye muri iyo nzira y'ubutungane bwo gusubiza abantu agateka n'ubuntu.

''Ivyerekeye amafaranga ni igice kimwe cavyo gusa. Twavuze kenshi ko ata gihugu na kimwe kirashobora kugereranya vyuzuye iragi ry'ubuja canke ngo giharure mu mpande zose ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu bakomoka muri Afrika,'' niko yavuze.

''Gusaba imbazi icese, kuvugisha ukuri no guha abantu ubumenyi navyo biri mu bigize urutonde runini rw'ibikenewe[gukorwa].''

None ni kubera iki ibihugu bidasaba imbabazi? Imwe mu nyishu zoroshe cane ni uko gusaba imbabazi rimwe na rimwe bishobora gukora nko kwemanga ivyakozwe imbere y'amategeko, navyo bigashobora kuba vyohamagara ikiguzi mu mafaranga.

Uwahoze ari umushikiranganji wa mbere w'Ubwongereza, Tony Blair, amaze kuvuga mu 2007 ati mpore ku vyakozwe n'Ubwongereza mu rudandazwa rw'abajanywe kugirwa abaja, mu nyuma yabwiye BBC mu 2024 ko atari vyo ko ama reta asaba imbabazi ku bibi vyakozwe muri kahise.

''Urashobora gusubira inyuma muri kahise, ariko amaherezo usanga uri mu bintu bitagira umutwe n'amaguru,'' niko yavuze.

''Ikintu gihambaye twokorera ibihugu vyakozweko n'ubukoroni ni ukubifasha ubu.''

Ubumenyi nk'indishi

Abaharanira indishi ku bajanywe mu buja berekana kandi ko kwigisha vyofasha mu twigoro two gusubiza agateka abo bantu.

Ivyo vyobamwo kuva mu gushira imitahe mu bikorwa remezo vyo kwigisha mu bihugu vyakozweko muri kahise n'ubuja gushika ku kuvugana ingene kahise k'ubuja kigishwa mu bihugu vyagize uruhara mu rudandazwa rw'abajabukanwa kugirwa abaja hakurya ya Atlantique.

''Abantu mu bihugu nk'Ubwongereza n'ubu baracabwirwa ibitari vyo ku ruhara ubuja bwagize mu kwaka ubuntu abasokuruza banje,'' niko Dr Xosei avuga.

Teffera wo muri Human Rights Watch [umuryango mpuzamakungu uharanira uburenganzira bwa zina muntu] afise impungenge ko akamaro ko kwigisha mu biganiro vyo gukosora ivyabaye kazohava kamirwa n'ugushimikira ku mafaranga y'indishi.

''Ni vyo. Ivy'amafaranga bishobora kujamwo. Kandi, henshi, kumbure vyoba ibijanye n'amafaranga, kuko ubundi buryo bw'indishi budashobora kwishura ikibi cakozwe. Ariko gusubiza abantu ubuntu n'agateka birahambaye gusumba,'' ni ko yavuze.

Teffera avuga ko ibihugu vyagize uruhara mu rudandazwa rw'abatwawe mu buja bikigonanwa no guhangana na kahise kavyo kandi ko kuvyumva no kubiharura neza ari igice gikomeye cane c'ubutungane bwo kwishura icaha.

''Ni nkenerwa cane kwubaka umuco wo kwibuka udatoratora gusa ibigabane bimwe bimwe vya kahise k'igihugu.''

Thomas Naadi wo muri Ghana yaraterereye muri iyi nkuru