Dauloli huɗu da suka fi ƙarfi a tarihin yammacin Afirka

Akwai aƙalla ƙasashe 16 a yammacin Afrika a yau, inda suke da faɗin yankin da ya kai murabba'in kilomita miliyan 6.8.

Yankin ya girma cikin sauri bayan mulkin mallaka daga hannun Turawa, ga kuma tasirin manyan dauloli da suka ci gaba da sauya al'ummar wannan ɓangare na nahiyar.

Yammacin Afirka: Yanki mai manyan dauloli

So tari an fi ambaton Afirka ta yamma idan aka zo batun rikicin siyasa da kuma na tsaro wanda ke shafar ƙasashe da dama a yankin, musamman yankin Sahel.

Ga batun rashin cigaba da kuma tsananin talauci na al'ummar yankin - duka waɗannan sun saka harvan manta cewa wannan yanki na Afirka ya samu wanzuwar manyan dauloli waɗanda har yau ana cin moriyar tasirinsu.

Tsakanin ƙarni na 8 da 16 an yi hamshaƙan dauloli a yammacin Afirka.

Duk da cewa daga baya sun dusashe, amma sun bar tarihin da har yau ana alfahari da su.

A wannan muƙala, BBC ta dubi manyan dauloli huɗu da suka yi sharafi a yankin, kama daga farkonsu har zuwa karshe, ciki har da shekarun da suka yi shahara.

1- Daular Ghana

Yankin tsohuwar Daular Ghana ba ta da alaƙa da ta yanzu, wadda ake kira Gold Coast a baya.

Daular ta Ghana ta faɗaɗa daga yankin Mauritania zuwa bakin ruwan Nijar, har zuwa tsaunin kogin Senegal, Mali da kuma yankin Timbuktu.

A kudanci kuwa, daular ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin Mali a iyaƙa da Senegal, inda ma'adinan zinare masu muhimmanci suke, wanda ya samarwa daular arziki.

An bayyana cewa an kirkiro wata karamar masarauta da ake kira Wagadou a kudu maso yammacin Mauritania, wanda ita ta samar Daular Ghana.

Daular ta kai shahara a karni na 10 da 11 lokacin mulkin Sarki Khaya Maghan Cisse.

Ta samu arzikinta ne ta hanyar cinikayyar zinare, wanda albarkatu ne da Ghana ke da shi, da gishiri, copperc, aikin gona da kuma kiwon dabbobi har ma da kasuwar bayi.

Shelkwatar daular yana a birnin Koumbi Saleh, wanda yake kusa da sahara inda a yanzu ya kasance kudu maso gabashin Mauritania.

Daular ta samu koma baya ne a farkon ƙarni na 11, bayan wata mamaya.

Lokacin da Ghana ta samu ƴancin kai a shekara ta 1957, shugabannin da suka samar da ƴancin sun zaɓi saka sunan daular da ta ɓace na al'ummar Akan, waɗanda yawanci suka fito daga Ghana da Ivory Coast, a cewar masana tarihi.

2- Daular Mali

Daular Mali ta yi shahara na tsawon lokaci a yammacin Afrika.

An kirkiro Daular a karni na 13. Sundiata Keita ne ya kafa daular bayan samun nasara kan Sumanguru Kante da ya yi.

Sundiata Keita wanda ake kira "Mansa Mande", ya tsinci kansa a matsayin shugaban daular da ke iko da masarautu da dama wanda yake ɗauke da gwamnonin larduna.

Daularsa ta yaɗu a yankin sahara, har zuwa Fouta Djallon da Senegal da kuma Nijar, wanda yake ɗauke da yankunan Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Conakry, Mali, Nijar da kuma Burkina Faso da Mauritania a yau.

Mutane da dama na kallon daular Mali a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran dauloli a Afirka wadda ta yi zamani har zuwa shekara ta 1645.

Mali za ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin dauloli da ake alfahari da su a Afirka, wadda ta yi suna har zuwa iyakokin faɗin nahiyar.

Tarihi ya nuna cewa wanda ya kafa daular, Soundjata Keita ya kasance bai fara tafiya ba har sai da ya yi shekara bakwai, abin da wasu suka yi amfani da shi wajen tsangwamar mahaifiyarsa.

Babban birnin Daular ya kasance yana a Niani.

Daular ta kai kololuwar shahara lokacin mulkin Mansa Musa, wanda aka fi sani da Kankan Musa, a ƙarni na 14. Shi ne mutumin da aka fi sani da ya fi kowa arziki.

Sunansa ya kasance a cikin tarihi lokacin da ya je Makkah aikin Hajji tsakanin shekara ta 1324-1325 - lokacin da aka ce ya dkai tarin zinare zuwa Masar da Makkah, abin da ya janyo faɗuwar farashinsu a waɗannan birane.

Daular Mali ta gama suna da shuhura a ƙarni na 15, inda lokacin ne kuma daular Songhai ta fara.

3- Daular Songhai

A karkashin sarki Askia ne aka kafa tsohuwar daular Songhai, wadda a da ita ce ta mamaye daular Mali.

Sonni Ali Berb (1464-1492) ya yi nasarar faɗaɗa daular tare da sababbin yankuna a cikin ƙarni na 14.

Sonni Ali, babban jarumi kuma kwararre wanda ya daɗe yana kan daular Mali, ya jagoranci rundunar mahaya dawaki da suka tsere zuwa Songhai, kasarsa ta asali, inda suka ƙwace mulki a karkashin sunan Sonni, wanda ke nufin "Mai Ceto".

Tattalin arzikin daular ya dogara ne kan cinikayyar sahara, noma, kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi, sai kuma cinikin zinare, tagulla da kuma gishiri.

Daular Songhai ta kai matsayi na kololuwa karkashin mulkin Askia Mohammed, daga 1493 zuwa sama. A lokacin, shahararta ya yi daidai da daulolin Turawa.

Babban birnin daular Songhai shi ne Gao, da ke gaɓar kogin Nijar a ƙasar Mali a yau.

Birnin ya kasance babbar cibiyar gudanarwa ta harkokin yau da kullum.

Bayan Gao, daular ta kuma haɗa da wasu shahararrun garuruwa irin su Timbuktu da Djenné.

Sonni Ali Berb ya mutu a shekara ta 1492, inda ya ba da damar kafa sabuwar daula, ta Askia, wadda babban sarkinta ya kasance Askia Mohamed, wanda har yanzu kabarinsa ke Gao.

Daga shekara ta 1516 zuwa sama, tawaye da gwagwarmaya na cikin gida tsakanin magada sarauta ne ya janyo durkushewarta.

4- Daular Borno

Yankin tafkin Chadi, shi ne mahaifar daular da ta shafe shekaru dubu, ta Kanem-Bornu.

An kafa daular a tsakiyar karni na 9, kuma babban birninsa na fa rko yana a Njimi, da ke arewa maso gabashin tafkin Chadi.

A yau yankunan daular sun haɗa cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da kuma Kamaru.

Sai dai wasu majiyoyi sun ce yankin daular ya kai har zuwa Fezzan, yankin hamada da ke kudu maso yammacin Libya a yau.

Masana tarihi sun bayyana lokuta biyu na neman afuwa ga daular Kanem-Bornu.

Lokacin farko na kololuwar ayyuka a kusa da ƙarni na 13 da na biyu a kusa da ƙarni na 16.

A cikin waɗannan lokuta biyu, daular ta kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa da na zamantakewa.

Masarautar ta daɓɓaka manufofin kasuwanci tare da makwabtanta yanda ya kamata.

Sarki Sayf, wanda ya yi iko da yankin, ya mayar da ita babbar daular ciniki tsakanin ƙarni na 9 zuwa na 19.

Tattalin arzikinta ya samo asali ne a kan cinikin gishiri, kahon giwa, gashin jimina, da kuma dabbobi.

Ba ya ga kasuwanci, ana kuma kiwon dabbobi da noma.

Saboda yanayin yankin, ya zama mahaɗar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewacin Afirka, Kogin Nilu da yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

Masarautar ta yi cinikin bayi da dawakai tsakaninta da Arewacin Afirka.

A karshen ƙarni na 14, al'ummar Bulala ta tilasta wa Sayf barin Kanem, kuma aka mayar da babban birnin ƙasar zuwa Birnin Ngazargamu, a Borno da ke yammacin tafkin Chadi.

Daular Borno ta faɗaɗa a lokacin mulkin Idris Alawma, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1571 zuwa 1603.